Li Yaotang (p=Lǐ Yáotáng; 25 November 1904 – 17 October 2005), better known by his pen name Ba Jin (p=Bā Jīn) or his courtesy name Li Feigan (p=Lǐ Fèigān), was a Chinese anarchist, translator, and writer. In addition to his impact on Chinese literature, he also wrote three original works in Esperanto,[Geoffrey Sutton, Concise Encyclopedia of the Original Literature of Esperanto , p. 180, Ed. Mondial, New York, ] and as a political activist he wrote The Family.
Name
He was born as Li Yaotang,
with alternate name Li Feigan or Li Pei Kan (in Wade–Giles).
The first word of his pen name may have been taken from Ba Embo, his classmate who committed suicide in Paris, which was admitted by himself,
or from the first syllable of the surname of the Russian anarchist
Mikhail Bakunin;
[Many sources claim it comes from the Chinese transliteration of Mikhail Bakunin, and he refused to admit because of communists' harsh condemnation of Bakunin, who was an open rival of Marx. See: ] and the last character of which is the Chinese equivalent of the last syllable of Russian anarchist
Peter Kropotkin (克鲁泡特金, Ke-lu-pao-te-jin).
Biography
On November 25, 1904, Li Yaotang was born in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, into a wealthy Li family. The family's wealth came mainly from the land acquired by his grandfather and father when they were officials, and Li Yaotang sometimes described his family as a "typical landlord's family".
In 1919, Ba read Kropotkin's
An Appeal to the Young and converted to anarchism.
Ba Jin left Chengdu to attend school in eastern China in 1923, and then traveled to France to study in 1927.[Jaroslav Průšek and Zbigniew Słupski, eds., Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: East Asia (Charles Tuttle, 1978): 135-136.] In France, Ba Jin continued his anarchist activism, translating many anarchist works, including Kropotkin's , into Chinese, which was mailed back to Shanghai's anarchist magazines for publication.[See Angel Pino, “Ba Jin as Translator,” tr. Ian MacCabe, in Peng Hsiao-yen & Isabelle Rabut (eds.), Modern China and the West: Translation and Cultural Mediation. Leiden-Boston: Brill, “East Asian Comparative Literature and Culture” (2), 2014, 28-105.]
During the Cultural Revolution, Ba Jin was heavily persecuted as a counter-revolutionary.
The Shantou Cultural Revolution Museum referenced the influence of Ba Jin on its establishment through displaying a depiction of his at the entrance
Some critics of Ba Jin noted that his vision of a Cultural Revolution did not deviate much from the official judgment on the period contained in the 1981 Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China and that he did not propose how to treat the actions and figure of Mao Zedong in such a museum.
Ba Jin contributed calligraphy to photographer Yang Kelin's 1995 two volume work, The Cultural Revolution Museum.
Ba Jin's works were heavily influenced by foreign writers, including Émile Zola, Ivan Turgenev, Alexander Herzen, Anton Chekhov, and Emma Goldman.[He described Goldman as his "spiritual mother", and dedicated The General to her. See Preface, The General, and Olga Lang, Pa Chin and His Writings: Chinese Youth Between the Wars (Harvard University Press, 1967).]
His married wife since 1944, Xiao Shan, died of cancer in 1972.
Ba Jin suffered from Parkinson's disease beginning in 1983. The illness confined him to Huadong Hospital in Shanghai from 1998.
Bibliography
English translations
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(1954) Living Amongst Heroes. Beijing: Foreign Language Press.
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(1958) The Family. (trans. Sidney Shapiro) Beijing: Foreign Language Press.
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(1959) A battle for life: a full record of how the life of steel worker, Chiu Tsai-kang, was saved in the Shanghai Kwangrze Hospital. Beijing: Foreign Language Press.
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(1978) Cold Nights (trans. Nathan K. Mao and Liu Ts'un-yan) Hong Kong: Chinese University press.
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(1984) Random Thoughts (trans. Germie Barm&ecute). Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Company. (Partial translation of Suizianglu)
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(1988) Selected works of Ba Jin (trans. Sidney Shapiro and Jock Hoe) Beijing: Foreign Language Press. (Includes The Family, Autumn in Spring, Garden of Repose, Bitter Cold Nights)
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(1999) Ward Four: A Novel of Wartime China (trans. Haili Kong and Howard Goldblatt). San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals, Inc.
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(2005) "How to Build a Society of Genuine Freedom and Equality"(1921), "Patriotism and the Road to Happiness for the Chinese"(1921) and "Anarchism and the Question of Practice"(1927) in , Volume 1: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE-1939), ed. Robert Graham. Montreal: Black Rose Books.
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(2012) Ward Four: A Novel of Wartime China (trans. Howard Goldblatt). San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals, Inc. .
Ba Jin stories in collections
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Arzybasheff, M. (1927). "Morning Shadows?" in Tales of the Revolution. Tr. Percy Pinkerton. New York Huebsch.
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(1927). "Workingman Shevyrev." in Tales of the Revolution, tr. Percy Pinkerton. New York: Huebsch.
Works
- Short story collections
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Vengeance 《复仇》, 1931
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Dog 《狗》, 1931
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Brightness 《光明》, 1932
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The Electric Chair 《电椅》, 1933
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Wiping Cloth 《抹布》, 1933
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The General 《将军》, 1934
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Gods, Ghosts and Men 《神·鬼·人》, 1935
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Sinking 《沉落》, 1936
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The Story of Hair 《发的故事》, 1936
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Thunder 《雷》, 1937
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Resurrection Grass 《还魂草》, 1942
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Little People, Little Events 《小人小事》, 1943
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Heroic Tales 《英雄的故事》, 1953
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Pigs and Chickens 《猪与鸡》, 1959
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Li Da-hai 《李大海》, 1961
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Stories Outside the City, 1992
- Children's literature
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The Immortality Pagoda 《长生塔》, 1937
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The Pearl and the Jade Concubine 《明珠和玉姬》, 1957
- Novels and novellas
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Destruction 《灭亡》, 1929
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The Dead Sun 《死去的太阳》, 1931
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The "Love" Trilogy 《爱情的三部曲》 (1931–5)
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Fog 《雾》, 1931
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Rain 《雨》, 1933
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Lightning 《电》, 1935
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New Life 《新生》, 1933
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Miners 《砂丁》, 1933
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Germination 《萌芽》, 1933
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A Dream of the Sea 《海的梦》, 1932
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Autumn in Spring 《春天里的秋天》, 1932
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The "Torrents" Trilogy 《激流三部曲》
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The Family 《家》, 1933
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Spring 《春》, 1938
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Autumn 《秋》, 1940
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Lina 《利娜》, 1940
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Fires 《火》(in three volumes), 1940–1945
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Stars 《星》(English-Chinese bilingual), 1941
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A Garden of Repose 《憩园》, novella, 1944
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Ward No 4 《第四病室》, 1946
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Cold Nights 《寒夜》, 1947
- Autobiography and memoirs
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Ba Jin: An Autobiography 《巴金自传》, 1934
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I Remember 《忆》, 1936
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Thinking Back on Childhood 《童年的回忆》, 1984
- Non-fiction
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(coauthor) Anarchism and its Practical Problems 《无政府主义与实际问题》, 1927
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From Capitalism to Anarchism 《从资本主义到安那其主义》, 1930
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A Walk by the Sea 《海行》, 1932
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Travel Notes 《旅途随笔》, 1934
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Droplets of Life 《点滴》, 1935
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Confessions of Living 《生之忏悔》, 1936
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Brief Notes 《短简》, 1937
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I Accuse 《控诉》, 1937
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Dreaming and Drunkenness 《梦与醉》, 1938
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Thoughts and Feelings 《感想》, 1939
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Black Earth 《黑土》, 1939
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Untitled 《无题》, 1941
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Dragons, Tigers and Dogs 《龙·虎·狗》, 1941
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Outside the Derelict Garden 《废园外》, 1942
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Travel Notes 《旅途杂记》, 1946
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Remembering 《怀念》, 1947
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Tragedy of a Still Night 《静夜的悲剧》, 1948
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The Nazi Massacre Factory: Auschwitz 《纳粹杀人工厂—奥斯威辛》, 1951
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Warsaw Festivals: Notes in Poland 《华沙城的节日—波兰杂记》, 1951
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The Consoling Letter and Others 《慰问信及其他》, 1951
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Living Amongst Heroes 《生活书局在英雄们中间》, 1953
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They Who Defend Peace 《保卫和平的人们》, 1954
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On Chekhov 《谈契河夫》, 1955
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Days of Great Joy 《大欢乐的日子》, 1957
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Strong Warriors 《坚强的战士》, 1957
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A Battle for Life 《—场挽救生命的战斗》, 1958
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New Voices: A Collection 《新声集》, 1959
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Friendship: A Collection 《友谊集》, 1959
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Eulogies: A Collection 《赞歌集》, 1960
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Feelings I Can't Express 《倾吐不尽的感情》, 1963
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Lovely by the Bridge 《贤良桥畔》, 1964
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Travels to Dazhai 《大寨行》, 1965
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Ba Jin: New Writings, 1978–1980
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Smorching Smoke 《烟火集》, 1979
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Random Thoughts 《随想录》, 1978–86
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Thinking Back on Writing 《创作回忆录》 1981
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Exploration and Memories 《探索与回忆》, 1982
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Afterwords: A Collection 《序跋集》, 1982
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Remembrance: A Collection 《忆念集》, 1982
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Ba Jin: On Writing 《巴金论创作》, 1983
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Literature: Recollections (with Lao She) 《文学回忆录》 1983
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To Earth to Dust 《愿化泥土》, 1984
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I Accuse: A Collection 《控诉集》, 1985
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In My Heart 《心里话》, 1986
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Ten Years, One Dream 《十年一梦》, 1986
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More Thoughts 《再思录》, 1995
- Letters
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To Our Young Friends Looking for Aspirations 《寻找理想的少年朋友》, 1987
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The Collection of the Snow and Mud – All the Remaining Letters Written by Ba Jin to Yang Yi 《雪泥集》, 1987
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Collected Letters of Ba Jin 《巴金书信集》, 1991
- Others
See also
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8315 Bajin
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Li Xiao
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Former Residence of Ba Jin
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List of Chinese authors
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Chinese literature
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Esperanto in China
Further reading
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Ayers, W. (1950). "Shanghai Labor and the May Thirtieth Movement," Papers on China, 5:1-38. Harvard University, East Asian Research Center.
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Bao-Puo. (1925). "The Anarchist Movement in China: From a Letter of a Chinese Comrade." Tr. from the Russian, in Freedom. 39.423:4.
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(1953). "The Society for Literary Studies, 1921-1930." Papers on China. 7:34-79. Harvard University, East Asian Research Center.
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Chen Tan-chen. (1963). "Pa Chin the Novelist: An Interview." Chinese Literature. 6:84-92.
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Ch'en Chia-ai character. "Chung-kuo li-shih shang chih an-na-ch'i-chu -i che character (Anarchists in Chinese history); in K'o-lu-p'ao-t'e-chin hsueh-shuo kai-yao. pp. 379-410.
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Hsin ch'ing-nien (1908). "Chinese Anarchist in Tokyo," Freedom, 22.23:52.
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Mao, Nathan K. Pa Chin. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1978.
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Martin, H. and J. Kinkley, eds. (1992) Modern Chinese writers: self-portrayals. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
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Pino, Angel, “Ba Jin and the ‘Arshinov Platform’”. libcom.org
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Pino, Angel, “Ba Jin as Translator,” tr. Ian MacCabe, in Peng Hsiao-yen & Isabelle Rabut (eds.), Modern China and the West: Translation and Cultural Mediation. Leiden-Boston: Brill, “East Asian Comparative Literature and Culture” (2), 2014, 28–105.
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Razak, Dzulkifli Abdul (Oct. 30, 2005). "Leaving behind their legacies". New Straits Times, p. F9.
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Renditions Autumn 1992. No. 38. "Special issue on Twentieth Century Memoirs. Reminiscences by well-known literary figures, including Zhu Ziqing, Ba Jin, Lao She and Wang Xiyan."
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Revered Chinese Novelist Ba Jin, 100, The Washington Post 17 October 2009.
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Stapleton, Kristin. Fact in Fiction: 1920s China and Ba Jin's Family. Stanford University Press, 2016.
Films
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Return from Silence: Five prominent and controversial Chinese writers speak on their roles in the modernization of China. (1 hour video cassette available) — The life and work of five esteemed Chinese writers whose modern classics shaped China's past: Ba Jin, Mao Dun, Ding Ling, Cao Yu, and Ai Qing. Produced by Chung-wen Shih, George Washington University, 1982.
External links
